History of the Encyclop. Several editions have been amended with multi- volume . In recent years, digital versions of the Britannica have been developed, both online and on optical media. Since the early 1.
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BibMe Free Bibliography & Citation Maker - MLA, APA, Chicago, Harvard. InformationWeek.com: News, analysis and research for business technology professionals, plus peer-to-peer knowledge sharing. Engage with our community. The vivid prose and easy navigation of the first edition led to strong demand for a second. Although this edition has been faulted for its imperfect scholarship. EY refers to the global organization, and may refer to one or more, of the member firms of Ernst & Young Global Limited, each of which is a separate legal entity. Tabtight professional, free when you need it, VPN service. Aazea is the biggest community for free ebook download, audio books, tutorials download, with format pdf, epub, mobi,and more. Business Communications - list of freely downloadable books at E-Books Directory.
Britannica has developed several . Black editions (7th–9th, 1. First American editions (1. The fifteenth edition. The Global Edition. Development of electronic versions. References. 9External links.
Historical context. Encyclopedias were published in Europe and China throughout the Middle Ages, such as the Satyricon of Martianus Minneus Felix Capella (early 5th century), the Speculum majus (Great Mirror) of Vincent of Beauvais (1. Encyclopedia septem tomis distincta (A Seven- Part Encyclopedia) by Johann Heinrich Alsted (1. Most early encyclopedias did not include biographies of living people and were written in Latin, although some encyclopedias were translated into English, such as De proprietatibus rerum (On the properties of things) (1.
Bartholomeus Anglicus. However, English- composed encyclopedias appeared in the 1. Lexicon technicum, or A Universal English Dictionary of Arts and Sciences by John Harris (two volumes, published 1. Isaac Newton. Ephraim Chambers wrote a very popular two- volume Cyclopedia in 1. Although not all encyclopedias succeeded commercially, their elements sometimes inspired future encyclopedias; for example, the failed two- volume A Universal History of Arts and Sciences of Dennis de Coetlogon (published 1. The first encyclopedia to include biographies of living people was the 6.
Grosses Universal- Lexicon (published 1. Johann Heinrich Zedler, who argued that death alone should not render people notable. Earliest editions (1st–6th, 1. The flow of short entries is interrupted here by one of the major treatises.
The Britannica was the idea of Colin Macfarquhar, a bookseller and printer, and Andrew Bell, an engraver, both of Edinburgh. They conceived of the Britannica as a conservative reaction to the French Encyclop.
Ironically, the Encyclop. Although later editions of Chambers' Cyclopaedia were still popular, and despite the commercial failure of other English encyclopedias, Macfarquhar and Bell were inspired by the intellectual ferment of the Scottish Enlightenment and thought the time ripe for a new encyclopedia . The first number appeared on December 6, 1. Edinburgh, priced sixpence or 8 pence on finer paper. The Britannica was published under the pseudonym .
The numbers were bound in three equally sized volumes covering A–B, C–L, and M–Z; an estimated 3,0. Three of the engravings in the section on midwifery, depicting childbirth in clinical detail, were sufficiently shocking to prompt some readers to tear those engravings out of the volume. Previous English encyclopedias had generally listed related terms separately in their alphabetical order, rather like a modern technical dictionary, an approach that the Britannica's' management derided as . He later said. With pastepot and scissors I composed it! The vivid prose and easy navigation of the first edition led to strong demand for a second. Although this edition has been faulted for its imperfect scholarship, Smellie argued that the Britannica should be given the benefit of the doubt: With regard to errors in general, whether falling under the denomination of mental, typographical or accidental, we are conscious of being able to point out a greater number than any critic whatever. Men who are acquainted with the innumerable difficulties of attending the execution of a work of such an extensive nature will make proper allowances.
To these we appeal, and shall rest satisfied with the judgment they pronounce.— William Smellie, in the Preface to the 1st edition of the Encyclop. Wherever this intention does not plainly appear, neither the books nor their authors have the smallest claim to the approbation of mankind. This has been periodically reprinted and is still part of Britannica's product line.
Macfarquhar took over the role himself, aided by pharmacist James Tytler, M. A.. Tytler wrote many science and history articles and almost all of the minor articles; by Robert Burns' estimate, Tytler wrote over three- quarters of the second edition. The second edition was published in 1.
June 1. 77. 7 to 1. September 1. 78. 4; these numbers were bound into ten volumes dated 1. Andrew Bell. Most of the maps of this edition (eighteen of them) are found in a single 1. For example, . Tytler also describes the architecture of Noah's Ark in detail (illustrated with a copperplate engraving) and, following Bishop Ussher, includes a remarkably precise chronology for the Earth, beginning with its creation on 2. October 4. 00. 4 B. C. The 2nd edition also reports a cure for tuberculosis: He chose a spot of ground on which no plants had been sown, and there he made a hole large and deep enough to admit the patient up to the chin.
The interstices of the pit were then carefully filled up with the fresh mould, so that the earth might everywhere come in contact with the patient's body. In this situation the patient suffered to remain till he began to shiver or felt himself uneasy..
The patient was then taken out, and, after being wrapped in a linen cloth, was placed upon a mattress, and two hours afterwards his whole body was rubbed with the ointment composed of the leaves of the solanum nigrum and hog's lard.— James Tytler, in the 2nd edition of the Encyclop. When finished in 1. Charles Elliot's book shop in Edinburgh for 1. Over 1,5. 00 copies of the second edition were sold this way by Elliot in less than one year. Volume 1. 0, published in 1.
Revolutionary War was over, gives in the entry for Virginia: . Majesty's colonies in America, have been, are, and of right ought to be, subordinate to and dependent upon the imperial crown and parliament of Great Britain; who have full power and authority to make laws and statutes of sufficient validity to bind the colonies and people of America, subjects to the crown of Great Britain in all cases whatsoever. And the attempting to enforce this by other acts of Parliament, penalties, and at last by military power, gave rise, as is well known, to the present revolt of our colonies. A 2. 04- page supplement to the second edition, included with the set, was written in 1. Vol. It does not have its own title page, but merely follows as an appendix, with pagination continuing from 8. The supplement introduces articles on Entomology, Ichthyology, Weather, Hindus (spelled Gentoos), and others, and contains many new biographies, including one of Captain James Cook.
It curiously contains 2. Air, which give very little new information about air itself, but mainly cover hot air ballooning, one of Tytler's hobbies. The first page of the supplement begins with the words . Macfarquhar again edited this edition up to .
James Tytler again contributed heavily to the authorship, up to the letter M. Recruited by Gleig, several illustrious authorities contributed to this edition, such as Dr. Thomas Thomson, who introduced modern chemical nomenclature in a chart appended to the Chemistry article. The third edition established the foundation of the Britannica as an important and definitive reference work for much of the next century. This edition was also enormously profitable, yielding 4. The 3rd edition began the tradition (continued to this day) of dedicating the Britannica to the reigning British monarch, then King George III; calling him . Instead, Dr. Gleig, or more likely, James Tytler, wrote that gravity is caused by the classical element of fire.
He seems to have been swayed by William Jones' Essay on the First Principles of Natural Philosophy (1. John Hutchinson's.
MA thesis, Moses' Principia, which was written in 1. Oxford University.